chapter 19


Reversal of Fortune: China ’s Century of 
Crisis within
  • Dramatic population growth and pressures on the land
  • Central state bureaucracy fails to grow and weakens
  • Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864)
  • Conservative reaction

Western Pressures
  • Commissioner Lin Zexu and Western narco-trafficking
  • First Opium War and Treaty of Nanking (1842)
  • Second Opium War and further humiliations
  • “Informal empire” status for the Middle Kingdom

The Failure of Conservative Modernization
  • Self-strengthening
  • Landowners fear modernity
  • Industry in the hands of Europeans
  • Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901)
  • Popular nationalist organizations
  • Hundred Days of Reform, 1898
  • Imperial collapse, 1911

    The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century
        “The Sick Man of Europe”
      • “The Strong Sword of Islam” in 1750
      • Loss of land to Russia, France, Britain, and Austria
      • Unable to defend Muslims elsewhere
      • Changing global economic order.   

          Reform and its Opponents
          • Reaction to Western military advisors
          • Tanzimat era
          • Young Ottomans: Islamic modernism
          • Young Turks, 1908: Secular modernism
            C. Outcomes: Comparing China and the Ottoman Empire
          • “Semi-colonies” in the European “informal empire”
          • Defensive modernization but no industrial take-off
          • Growth of nationalism
          • Revolutionary chaos in China, but stability in Turkey
          • State rejections of tradition but popular survival

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