chapter 17

1. iNDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 
2.  increase in human numbers. From 375 million in 1400 to 1 billion in 19th century. 
3.   human response to that dilemma as nonrenawable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of Wind, water and wood. 
4.  Raw materials to feed to fuel industrial machinery- coal iron, petroleum altered landscape in many places. Somle from coal fired industries and domestic use polluted the air in urban areas, - respiratory illness. 
5.  Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the history of thep lanet. – ecological, atmospheric and geological history.
6.   Technological innovations: The Spinning Jenny, Power Loom, Steam Engine, Cotton Gin = culture of innovation.
7.   Industrial Revolution spread beyond textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing and construction. 
8.  Second Industrial Revolution focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph and telephone. 
9.  New industries emerged in automobiles, airplanes, consumer durable goods, electronics, computers.
10. MIDDLE CLASS
11.   Those who benefited the most from industrialization were members of that amorphous group called the middle class.
12.   Middle class containted wealthy factory and mine owners, bankers, merchants. Buying country houses, affording universities. 
13.  Doctors, lawyers, teachers, journalists, scientists and oter professionals required in any industrial society.
14.   Reform Bill 1832 – broadened the right to vote to many men of middle class (no women). 
15.  Women in middle class: wives, homemakers, mothers. Educators of respectability and managers of household consumption “shopping”. 
16. .  Women aspire to enter the teaching, clerical, nursing professions, by the second half of 10th century educated middle class women flooded the labor force.

LABOURING CLASSES

  The manual workers in the mines, factories, construction sites, workshops, farms. 

 Laboring classes who suffered most and benefited from epic transformations of industrial revolution.

  Labring classes were shaped by the new woking conditions of industrial era.  Cities were overcrowded and smoky, inadequate sanitation, periodic epidemics, few open places, polluted water supplies.

  By 1850 average life expectancy was 39 years. 

 Long hours, low wages and child labor were nothing new for the poor.  The ups and downs of capitalist economy made industrial work insecure.

  British industrialits favored young, unmarried women in textile mills because they were willing to accept lower wages. 

 Domestic servants for upper and middle class families to supplement meager family incomes.