chapter 20


A Second Wave of European Conquests
A. The period 1750–1900 saw a second, distinct phase of European colonial conquest.

  • focused on Asia and Africa
  • new Germany, Italy, Belgium, U.S., Japan)
  •  was not demographically catastrophic like the first phase
  • was affected by the Industrial Revolution
  •  in general, Europeans preferred informal control


 The establishment of the second-wave European empires was based on military force or the
threat of using it.
  • original European military advantage lay in organization, drill, and command structure 
  • over the nineteenth century, Europeans developed an enormous firepower advantage
  • (repeating rifles and machine guns)
  •  numerous wars of conquest: the Westerners almost always won
Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market
  •  many people were happy to increase production for world markets
  • considerable profit to small farmers in areas like the Irrawaddy Delta
  •  in the southern Gold Coast (Ghana), African farmers took the initiative to develop export
  • agriculture
  •  leading supplier of cocoa by 1911
  • created a hybrid peasant-capitalist society
  • but labor shortages led to exploitation of former slaves, men marrying women for
  • their labor power, influx of migrants

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