chapter 21
the First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918
A. By 1900, Europeans, or people of European ancestry, controlled most other peoples of the world.
B. An Accident Waiting to Happen
1. modernization and Europe ’s rise to global ascendancy had sharpened traditional rivalries between European states
2. both Italy and Germany unified ca. 1870
a. Germany ’s unification in the context of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) had embittered French-German relations
b. rise of a powerful new Germany was a disruptive new element
3. by around 1900, the balance of power in Europe was shaped by two rival alliances
a. Triple Alliance ( Germany , Austria , Italy )
b. Triple Entente ( Russia , France, Britain )
c. these alliances turned a minor incident into World War I
4. June 28, 1914: a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne
a. Austria was determined to crush the nationalism movement
b. Serbia had Russia (and Russia ’s allies) behind it
c. general war broke out by August 1914
5. factors that contributed to the outbreak and character of the war:
a. popular nationalism
b. industrialized militarism
c. Europe ’s colonial empires
V. A Second World War
A. World War II was even more global than World War I.
1. independent origins in Asia and Europe
2. dissatisfied states in both continents wanted to rearrange international relations
B. The Road to War in Asia
1. Japanese imperial ambitions rose in the 1920s and 1930s
2. Japan had acquired influence in Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
a. 1931: Japanese military units seized control of Manchuria
b. Western criticism led Japan to withdraw from League of Nations
c. by 1936, Japan was more closely aligned with Germany and Italy
3. 1937: major attack on the Chinese heartland started WWII in Asia
4. international opinion was against Japan ; the Japanese felt threatened
a. growing belief that Western racism was in the way of Japan being accepted as an equal power
b. Japan was heavily dependent on foreign strategic goods, especially from the Unites States
c. imperialist powers controlled the resources of Southeast Asia
5. 1940–1941: Japan launched conquest of European colonies (Indochina, Malaya , Burma , Indonesia , and the Philippines )
a. presented themselves as liberators of their fellow Asians
b. the reality was highly brutal rule by the Japanese
c. July 1941: U.S. imposes oil embargo on Japan
d. December 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
6. Pearl Harbor joined the Asian and European theaters of war into a single global struggle
A. By 1900, Europeans, or people of European ancestry, controlled most other peoples of the world.
B. An Accident Waiting to Happen
1. modernization and Europe ’s rise to global ascendancy had sharpened traditional rivalries between European states
2. both Italy and Germany unified ca. 1870
a. Germany ’s unification in the context of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) had embittered French-German relations
b. rise of a powerful new Germany was a disruptive new element
3. by around 1900, the balance of power in Europe was shaped by two rival alliances
a. Triple Alliance ( Germany , Austria , Italy )
b. Triple Entente ( Russia , France, Britain )
c. these alliances turned a minor incident into World War I
4. June 28, 1914: a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne
a. Austria was determined to crush the nationalism movement
b. Serbia had Russia (and Russia ’s allies) behind it
c. general war broke out by August 1914
5. factors that contributed to the outbreak and character of the war:
a. popular nationalism
b. industrialized militarism
c. Europe ’s colonial empires
V. A Second World War
A. World War II was even more global than World War I.
1. independent origins in Asia and Europe
2. dissatisfied states in both continents wanted to rearrange international relations
B. The Road to War in Asia
1. Japanese imperial ambitions rose in the 1920s and 1930s
2. Japan had acquired influence in Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905
a. 1931: Japanese military units seized control of Manchuria
b. Western criticism led Japan to withdraw from League of Nations
c. by 1936, Japan was more closely aligned with Germany and Italy
3. 1937: major attack on the Chinese heartland started WWII in Asia
4. international opinion was against Japan ; the Japanese felt threatened
a. growing belief that Western racism was in the way of Japan being accepted as an equal power
b. Japan was heavily dependent on foreign strategic goods, especially from the Unites States
c. imperialist powers controlled the resources of Southeast Asia
5. 1940–1941: Japan launched conquest of European colonies (Indochina, Malaya , Burma , Indonesia , and the Philippines )
a. presented themselves as liberators of their fellow Asians
b. the reality was highly brutal rule by the Japanese
c. July 1941: U.S. imposes oil embargo on Japan
d. December 1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
6. Pearl Harbor joined the Asian and European theaters of war into a single global struggle
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