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chapter 19

Reversal of Fortune: China ’s Century of  Crisis within Dramatic population growth and pressures on the land Central state bureaucracy fails to grow and weakens Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Conservative reaction Western Pressures Commissioner Lin Zexu and Western narco-trafficking First Opium War and Treaty of Nanking (1842) Second Opium War and further humiliations “Informal empire” status for the Middle Kingdom The Failure of Conservative Modernization Self-strengthening Landowners fear modernity Industry in the hands of Europeans Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) Popular nationalist organizations Hundred Days of Reform, 1898 Imperial collapse, 1911 The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century   “The Sick Man of Europe” “The Strong Sword of Islam” in 1750 Loss of land to Russia, France, Britain, and Austria Unable to defend Muslims elsewhere Changing global economic order.    Reform and its Opponents ...
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chapter 20

A Second Wave of European Conquests A. The period 1750–1900 saw a second, distinct phase of European colonial conquest. focused on Asia and Africa new Germany, Italy, Belgium, U.S., Japan)  was not demographically catastrophic like the first phase was affected by the Industrial Revolution  in general, Europeans preferred informal control  The establishment of the second-wave European empires was based on military force or the threat of using it. original European military advantage lay in organization, drill, and command structure  over the nineteenth century, Europeans developed an enormous firepower advantage (repeating rifles and machine guns)  numerous wars of conquest: the Westerners almost always won Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market  many people were happy to increase production for world markets considerable profit to small farmers in areas like the Irrawaddy Delta  in the southern Gold...
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chapter 22

military Conflict and the Cold War   1.  Europe was the cold war’s first arena     a.  Soviet concern for security and control in Eastern Europe      b.  American and British desire for open societies linked to the capitalist world economy    2.  creation of rival military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact)     a.  American sphere of influence ( Western Europe ) was largely voluntary     b.  Soviet sphere ( Eastern Europe ) was imposed     c.  the “Iron Curtain” divided the two spheres   3.  communism spread into Asia ( China , Korea , Vietnam ), caused conflict     a.  North Korea ’s invasion of South Korea in 1950 led to a bitter three-year war and resulted in a still-divided Korea      b.  Vietnam : massive U.S. intervention in the 1960s, but Vietnamese communists successfully united the country by 1975   4.  maj...
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