chapter 16

strayersays the theme. for chapter 16 is 

"creation of a new kind of human society" called modern which constitutes "notions of progress, constitutional government, political democracy, socialism,  nationalism, feminism, and opposition to slavery."

 The North American Revolution, 1775-1787 

 The struggle was launched with the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN 1776, resulted in a military victory in 1781, and generated the FEDERAL CONSTITUTION in 1787. Joining 13 formerly separate colonies into a new nation. 
• All free men enjoyed the same status before the law, a situation that excluded black slaves and in some ways white women. 
• Thus the American Revolution did not grow out of social tensions within the colonies, but from arather sudden effort by British government to tighten its control over the colonies and to extract more revenue from them adding taxes.
 • British and France drained its treasury, therefore to continue in war with each other they implemented tariffs and taxes in their colonies without consent.


The French Revolution, 1789 - 1804
In desperate effort to raise taxes, Louis XVI called into session, the Estates General (consisted in 3 estates): The Clergy, the Nobility and the Commoners. 
• The 3rd estate (commoners) organized themselves as the National Assembly, claiming sole authority to make laws for the country. Drew up on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
 • Launched the French Revolution and radicalized many participats of the National Assembly. 
• French insurrection was driven by sharp conflicts within the French society. – Rise of bread.
 • National Assembly ended all feudalism and slavery was abolished in France. 
• King Louis XVI and Marie Antoniette were executed. 
• Followed by Terror of 1793-1794 Maximilien Robespierr, accoused of tyranny and dictatorship killed in the Guillotine.

HAITIAN REVOLUTION 1791-1804 
• Nowhere did the example of French Revolution echo more loudly than in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue. (later Haiti) 
• With a slave force of 500,000 made up vast majority of population. Whites numered 40,000. gens de couleur libres 30,000 mixed background. 
• French Revolution challenged the entire slave labor system. Slaves burned 1000 platations and killed 100s of whites. 
• Toussaint Louverture, former slave, overcame internal resistance, and defeated an attempt by Napoleon to reestablish French control. 
• A revolution unique in the Atlantic world, socialy had become the first. 
• Remained Haiti, meaning montainous, and the original Taino language



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

chapter 19

Reversal of Fortune: China ’s Century of  Crisis within Dramatic population growth and pressures on the land Central state bureaucracy fails to grow and weakens Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Conservative reaction Western Pressures Commissioner Lin Zexu and Western narco-trafficking First Opium War and Treaty of Nanking (1842) Second Opium War and further humiliations “Informal empire” status for the Middle Kingdom The Failure of Conservative Modernization Self-strengthening Landowners fear modernity Industry in the hands of Europeans Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) Popular nationalist organizations Hundred Days of Reform, 1898 Imperial collapse, 1911 The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century   “The Sick Man of Europe” “The Strong Sword of Islam” in 1750 Loss of land to Russia, France, Britain, and Austria Unable to defend Muslims elsewhere Changing global economic order.    Reform and its Opponents ...
Read more

Chapter 15

The west had a rich heritage of Greek and Roman logic, science, engineering, literature, individualism, and  democracy.   Plato, Aristotle, Pericles, Cicero, and Julius Caesar represented parts of this heritage. Christianity had a core of individualism, optimism, self worth, human dignity, and "God on our side" Medieval Europe (476 - 1400) had an infrastructure of law  and self-government 16th century that forced a new outlook on life belief, geography, economic competition, and technological pressure (shipping, banking, agriculture, accounting the central theme of the  Enlightenment  the scientific revolution and its meaning for human society, was  the  Idea of Progress ,  the fact that society could  change  and "was not fixed by tradition or divine command."   For many the  Idea of Progress  was "virtua...
Read more

chapter 22

military Conflict and the Cold War   1.  Europe was the cold war’s first arena     a.  Soviet concern for security and control in Eastern Europe      b.  American and British desire for open societies linked to the capitalist world economy    2.  creation of rival military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact)     a.  American sphere of influence ( Western Europe ) was largely voluntary     b.  Soviet sphere ( Eastern Europe ) was imposed     c.  the “Iron Curtain” divided the two spheres   3.  communism spread into Asia ( China , Korea , Vietnam ), caused conflict     a.  North Korea ’s invasion of South Korea in 1950 led to a bitter three-year war and resulted in a still-divided Korea      b.  Vietnam : massive U.S. intervention in the 1960s, but Vietnamese communists successfully united the country by 1975   4.  maj...
Read more