world history 2

military Conflict and the Cold War   1.  Europe was the cold war’s first arena     a.  Soviet concern for security and control in Eastern Europe      b.  American and British desire for open societies linked to the capitalist world economy    2.  creation of rival military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact)     a.  American sphere of influence ( Western Europe ) was largely voluntary     b.  Soviet sphere ( Eastern Europe ) was imposed     c.  the “Iron Curtain” divided the two spheres   3.  communism spread into Asia ( China , Korea , Vietnam ), caused conflict     a.  North Korea ’s invasion of South Korea in 1950 led to a bitter three-year war and resulted in a still-divided Korea      b.  Vietnam : massive U.S. intervention in the 1960s, but Vietnamese communists successfully united the country by 1975   4.  maj...

the First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918 A.  By 1900, Europeans, or people of European ancestry, controlled most other peoples of the world. B.  An Accident Waiting to Happen   1.  modernization and Europe ’s rise to global ascendancy had sharpened traditional rivalries between European states   2.  both Italy and Germany unified ca. 1870   a.  Germany ’s unification in the context of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) had embittered French-German relations   b.  rise of a powerful new Germany was a disruptive new element   3.  by around 1900, the balance of power in Europe was shaped by two rival alliances   a.  Triple Alliance ( Germany , Austria , Italy )   b.  Triple Entente ( Russia , France, Britain )   c.  these alliances turned a minor incident into World War I   4.  June 28, 1914: a Serbian nationalist assassinated A...

A Second Wave of European Conquests A. The period 1750–1900 saw a second, distinct phase of European colonial conquest. focused on Asia and Africa new Germany, Italy, Belgium, U.S., Japan)  was not demographically catastrophic like the first phase was affected by the Industrial Revolution  in general, Europeans preferred informal control  The establishment of the second-wave European empires was based on military force or the threat of using it. original European military advantage lay in organization, drill, and command structure  over the nineteenth century, Europeans developed an enormous firepower advantage (repeating rifles and machine guns)  numerous wars of conquest: the Westerners almost always won Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market  many people were happy to increase production for world markets considerable profit to small farmers in areas like the Irrawaddy Delta  in the southern Gold...

Reversal of Fortune: China ’s Century of  Crisis within Dramatic population growth and pressures on the land Central state bureaucracy fails to grow and weakens Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Conservative reaction Western Pressures Commissioner Lin Zexu and Western narco-trafficking First Opium War and Treaty of Nanking (1842) Second Opium War and further humiliations “Informal empire” status for the Middle Kingdom The Failure of Conservative Modernization Self-strengthening Landowners fear modernity Industry in the hands of Europeans Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) Popular nationalist organizations Hundred Days of Reform, 1898 Imperial collapse, 1911 The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century   “The Sick Man of Europe” “The Strong Sword of Islam” in 1750 Loss of land to Russia, France, Britain, and Austria Unable to defend Muslims elsewhere Changing global economic order.    Reform and its Opponents ...

SECOND WAVE OF EUROPEAN CONQUESTS  —  Between 1750 and 1914 was a second and quite distinct round of conquests: Asia and Africa. —   Construction of these new empires in the Afro-Asian world, involved military force. – countless wars of conquest of colonial European states. —   India and Indonesia, grew out of earlier interactions with European trading firms.  EDUCATION —   Through missionary or government schools, that generated a new identity.  Education was a means of “uplifting native races” —  Reading or writing of any king often sugggested a magical power (specially if a native could read). —   Better paying positions in government bureaucracies, or business firms – education provided a social mobility and elite status.  —  Many ardetly through education embraced European culture – learning to speak French, or English. —   Still Europeans declined to treat their Asian or African subjects as equal partners. R ELIGION —   Wid...

iNDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION   increase in human numbers. From 375 million in 1400 to 1 billion in 19th century.    human response to that dilemma as nonrenawable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of Wind, water and wood.   Raw materials to feed to fuel industrial machinery- coal iron, petroleum altered landscape in many places. Somle from coal fired industries and domestic use polluted the air in urban areas, - respiratory illness.   Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the history of thep lanet. – ecological, atmospheric and geological history.   Technological innovations: The Spinning Jenny, Power Loom, Steam Engine, Cotton Gin = culture of innovation.   Industrial Revolution spread beyond textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing and construction.   Second Industrial Revolution focused on chemicals, ...