world history 2

I. The Transformation of the World Economy   '           A. Reglobalization   1. Massive increase in global trade since 1945   2. Foreign direct investment, capital, and personal credit   3. Transnational corporations   4. New patterns of human migration B. Growth, Instability, and Inequality   1. Unprecedented growth but what of stability?   2. Unprecedented growth but what of social justice?   3. Antiglobalization movements   C.                Globalization and an American Empire   1. How central is the United States to globalization?   2. Use of force versus “soft power”   3. September 11, 2001, and the subsequent wars   4. Decline in America’s economic power   5. Resistance to an American “empire”

military Conflict and the Cold War   1.  Europe was the cold war’s first arena     a.  Soviet concern for security and control in Eastern Europe      b.  American and British desire for open societies linked to the capitalist world economy    2.  creation of rival military alliances (NATO and the Warsaw Pact)     a.  American sphere of influence ( Western Europe ) was largely voluntary     b.  Soviet sphere ( Eastern Europe ) was imposed     c.  the “Iron Curtain” divided the two spheres   3.  communism spread into Asia ( China , Korea , Vietnam ), caused conflict     a.  North Korea ’s invasion of South Korea in 1950 led to a bitter three-year war and resulted in a still-divided Korea      b.  Vietnam : massive U.S. intervention in the 1960s, but Vietnamese communists successfully united the country by 1975   4.  maj...

the First World War: European Civilization in Crisis, 1914–1918 A.  By 1900, Europeans, or people of European ancestry, controlled most other peoples of the world. B.  An Accident Waiting to Happen   1.  modernization and Europe ’s rise to global ascendancy had sharpened traditional rivalries between European states   2.  both Italy and Germany unified ca. 1870   a.  Germany ’s unification in the context of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) had embittered French-German relations   b.  rise of a powerful new Germany was a disruptive new element   3.  by around 1900, the balance of power in Europe was shaped by two rival alliances   a.  Triple Alliance ( Germany , Austria , Italy )   b.  Triple Entente ( Russia , France, Britain )   c.  these alliances turned a minor incident into World War I   4.  June 28, 1914: a Serbian nationalist assassinated A...

A Second Wave of European Conquests A. The period 1750–1900 saw a second, distinct phase of European colonial conquest. focused on Asia and Africa new Germany, Italy, Belgium, U.S., Japan)  was not demographically catastrophic like the first phase was affected by the Industrial Revolution  in general, Europeans preferred informal control  The establishment of the second-wave European empires was based on military force or the threat of using it. original European military advantage lay in organization, drill, and command structure  over the nineteenth century, Europeans developed an enormous firepower advantage (repeating rifles and machine guns)  numerous wars of conquest: the Westerners almost always won Economies of Cash-Crop Agriculture: The Pull of the Market  many people were happy to increase production for world markets considerable profit to small farmers in areas like the Irrawaddy Delta  in the southern Gold...

Reversal of Fortune: China ’s Century of  Crisis within Dramatic population growth and pressures on the land Central state bureaucracy fails to grow and weakens Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Conservative reaction Western Pressures Commissioner Lin Zexu and Western narco-trafficking First Opium War and Treaty of Nanking (1842) Second Opium War and further humiliations “Informal empire” status for the Middle Kingdom The Failure of Conservative Modernization Self-strengthening Landowners fear modernity Industry in the hands of Europeans Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) Popular nationalist organizations Hundred Days of Reform, 1898 Imperial collapse, 1911 The Ottoman Empire and the West in the Nineteenth Century   “The Sick Man of Europe” “The Strong Sword of Islam” in 1750 Loss of land to Russia, France, Britain, and Austria Unable to defend Muslims elsewhere Changing global economic order.    Reform and its Opponents ...

SECOND WAVE OF EUROPEAN CONQUESTS  —  Between 1750 and 1914 was a second and quite distinct round of conquests: Asia and Africa. —   Construction of these new empires in the Afro-Asian world, involved military force. – countless wars of conquest of colonial European states. —   India and Indonesia, grew out of earlier interactions with European trading firms.  EDUCATION —   Through missionary or government schools, that generated a new identity.  Education was a means of “uplifting native races” —  Reading or writing of any king often sugggested a magical power (specially if a native could read). —   Better paying positions in government bureaucracies, or business firms – education provided a social mobility and elite status.  —  Many ardetly through education embraced European culture – learning to speak French, or English. —   Still Europeans declined to treat their Asian or African subjects as equal partners. R ELIGION —   Wid...

iNDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION   increase in human numbers. From 375 million in 1400 to 1 billion in 19th century.    human response to that dilemma as nonrenawable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of Wind, water and wood.   Raw materials to feed to fuel industrial machinery- coal iron, petroleum altered landscape in many places. Somle from coal fired industries and domestic use polluted the air in urban areas, - respiratory illness.   Industrial Revolution marked a new era in both human history and the history of thep lanet. – ecological, atmospheric and geological history.   Technological innovations: The Spinning Jenny, Power Loom, Steam Engine, Cotton Gin = culture of innovation.   Industrial Revolution spread beyond textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads, steamships, food processing and construction.   Second Industrial Revolution focused on chemicals, ...

SPANISH REVOLUTIONS 1810-1825  • Final act in a hlaf a century, took place in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. – shaped by receding events in North America, France and Haiti.  • Spanish colonies Creoles were offended and insulted by Spanish monarchy´s effort to exercise greater power over its colonies with heavier taxes. • Spanish colonies had been long governed in a rather more authoritarian fashion. Sharply divided by class. ECHOES OF REVOLUTION  • Britains lost of North America colonies, fueled its interest in interventions in Asia – India and the Opium Wars in China.  • Napoleon´s brief conquest in Egypt opened the way for a modernizing regime to emerge. • During the 19th centirues the idea of a “constitution” found advocates in Poland, Latin America, Spanish Philippines, British-India and China.  • Opened ideas of republicanism, greater social equiality and national liberation from foreign rule.  • The echos of the Atlant...

strayersays the theme. for chapter 16 is  "creation of a new kind of  human society" called  modern  which constitutes "notions of progress, constitutional government, political democracy,  socialism,  nationalism, feminism, and opposition to slavery."  The North American Revolution, 1775-1787    The struggle was launched with the DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN 1776, resulted in a military victory in 1781, and generated the FEDERAL CONSTITUTION in 1787. Joining 13 formerly separate colonies into a new nation.  • All free men enjoyed the same status before the law, a situation that excluded black slaves and in some ways white women.  • Thus the American Revolution did not grow out of social tensions within the colonies, but from arather sudden effort by British government to tighten its control over the colonies and to extract more revenue from them adding taxes.  • British and France drained its treasury, there...

The west had a rich heritage of Greek and Roman logic, science, engineering, literature, individualism, and  democracy.   Plato, Aristotle, Pericles, Cicero, and Julius Caesar represented parts of this heritage. Christianity had a core of individualism, optimism, self worth, human dignity, and "God on our side" Medieval Europe (476 - 1400) had an infrastructure of law  and self-government 16th century that forced a new outlook on life belief, geography, economic competition, and technological pressure (shipping, banking, agriculture, accounting the central theme of the  Enlightenment  the scientific revolution and its meaning for human society, was  the  Idea of Progress ,  the fact that society could  change  and "was not fixed by tradition or divine command."   For many the  Idea of Progress  was "virtua...

chapter 14,  Atlantic Slave trade Africans were taken from homes away from all there things becuase the europeans wanted people to do their work for them.  Europeans invaded Africa and snatched people from their families and treated them inhumane   When in the middle passage Africans died in large amount of numbers from terrible treatment or commit suicide  African elites would sometimes trade salves to europeans in exchange for tobacco, gunpowder, and alcohol  fur trade   profited the North Americans and the Siberians for a while, but the West's exploitation of the  beavers and sables eventually led to near  slavery  for the American and Siberian natives, low wages and prices  and environmental degradation because of overproduction of  cash crops,  and alcoholism.  

The main topics of chapter 14 part 1 is c ommerce  joined  empire  as the  twin drivers  of  globalization  during these centuries Europeans now smashed their way into the ancient spice trade of the Indian Ocean Silver obtained from mines in Spanish America enriched Europe and China,   Furs from North America and Siberia found a ready market in Europe and China"      Slaves   were bought, sold, and worked--sometimes to death--to create the new capitalist world. The Europeans used st ate  and private companies to exploit the new resources and markets. Causes of European Overseas Expansion   An temporary end to the worst of the  plagues , and the growth of  population The development of centralized, absolutist dynasties and  states Dominance of major  commercial cities :  London, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Seville, Manilla, Potosi, Acapulco ...

EARLY MODERN ERA • Chapter 13 “Early Modern Era”.  • The beginnings of genuine globalization, elements of distinctly modern societies, and a growing European presence in world affairs.  • The most obvious expression of globalization, of course, lay in the oceanic journeys of European explorers and the European conquest and colonial settlement of the Americas. EUROPEAN EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS  • Spanish focused their empire building efforts in the Caribbean and then, in the early 16th century to mainland, with stunning conquests of powerful but fragile Aztec and Inca empires.  • Portuguese established themselves along the coast of present day Brazil.  • British, French, and Dutch launched colonial settlements along the eastern coast of North America. EUROPEAN ADVANTAGE  • Geography provides a starting point for explaining Europes American empires.  • Portugal, Spain, Britain and France were simply closer to the Americas than Asian competit...